If quarks can't be isolated in the first place, how did they become confined in the early universe?











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On one hand, we know that quarks cannot exist in isolation. This is because the energy required to dissociate a quark-antiquark pair in a meson (or quarks in a hadron) will create a mesons (or hadrons) if we try to separate. For example, see these explanations in the short videos here and [here].



What about the situation in the early universe? I heard that there was a phase when the quarks got confined within the hadrons and mesons indicating they were free before that. How does it fit with the explanations given in the videos? How does it fit with the quark-gluon plasma?










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  • Presumably in the early universe the universe was so small and energetic that for all intents and purposes there was a quarke-gluon-otherstuff plasma. It's not so much that they were "free" but the structures we have now, protons, neutrons, other mesons, etc were no well defined.
    – ggcg
    4 hours ago















up vote
1
down vote

favorite












On one hand, we know that quarks cannot exist in isolation. This is because the energy required to dissociate a quark-antiquark pair in a meson (or quarks in a hadron) will create a mesons (or hadrons) if we try to separate. For example, see these explanations in the short videos here and [here].



What about the situation in the early universe? I heard that there was a phase when the quarks got confined within the hadrons and mesons indicating they were free before that. How does it fit with the explanations given in the videos? How does it fit with the quark-gluon plasma?










share|cite|improve this question
























  • Presumably in the early universe the universe was so small and energetic that for all intents and purposes there was a quarke-gluon-otherstuff plasma. It's not so much that they were "free" but the structures we have now, protons, neutrons, other mesons, etc were no well defined.
    – ggcg
    4 hours ago













up vote
1
down vote

favorite









up vote
1
down vote

favorite











On one hand, we know that quarks cannot exist in isolation. This is because the energy required to dissociate a quark-antiquark pair in a meson (or quarks in a hadron) will create a mesons (or hadrons) if we try to separate. For example, see these explanations in the short videos here and [here].



What about the situation in the early universe? I heard that there was a phase when the quarks got confined within the hadrons and mesons indicating they were free before that. How does it fit with the explanations given in the videos? How does it fit with the quark-gluon plasma?










share|cite|improve this question















On one hand, we know that quarks cannot exist in isolation. This is because the energy required to dissociate a quark-antiquark pair in a meson (or quarks in a hadron) will create a mesons (or hadrons) if we try to separate. For example, see these explanations in the short videos here and [here].



What about the situation in the early universe? I heard that there was a phase when the quarks got confined within the hadrons and mesons indicating they were free before that. How does it fit with the explanations given in the videos? How does it fit with the quark-gluon plasma?







cosmology quantum-chromodynamics quarks hadron-dynamics quark-gluon-plasma






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edited 8 mins ago









knzhou

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asked 4 hours ago









mithusengupta123

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  • Presumably in the early universe the universe was so small and energetic that for all intents and purposes there was a quarke-gluon-otherstuff plasma. It's not so much that they were "free" but the structures we have now, protons, neutrons, other mesons, etc were no well defined.
    – ggcg
    4 hours ago


















  • Presumably in the early universe the universe was so small and energetic that for all intents and purposes there was a quarke-gluon-otherstuff plasma. It's not so much that they were "free" but the structures we have now, protons, neutrons, other mesons, etc were no well defined.
    – ggcg
    4 hours ago
















Presumably in the early universe the universe was so small and energetic that for all intents and purposes there was a quarke-gluon-otherstuff plasma. It's not so much that they were "free" but the structures we have now, protons, neutrons, other mesons, etc were no well defined.
– ggcg
4 hours ago




Presumably in the early universe the universe was so small and energetic that for all intents and purposes there was a quarke-gluon-otherstuff plasma. It's not so much that they were "free" but the structures we have now, protons, neutrons, other mesons, etc were no well defined.
– ggcg
4 hours ago










2 Answers
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Quarks and gluons are modeled with quantum chromodynamics.The electromagnetic force gets stronger for high energies , the strong (QCD) and weak force weaker, what is called asymptotic freedom.




In particle physics, asymptotic freedom is a property of some gauge theories that causes interactions between particles to become asymptotically weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases.




This can qualitatively be seen in this plot :



running



This shows 1/strength of the three interactions, strength is inversely connected with the coupling constant in the calculations using perturbation theory. The electromagnetic gets stronger with energy, the weak and the strong get weaker. This change in coupling constants has been measured at LEP experiments, for the weak and electromagnetic.



The crossover of the weak and the electromagnetic gave rise to the electroweak theory , with the higgs , where for high energies they are one force, and then symmetry breaking makes the two separate forces we measure at the energies we have in the lab.



The almost overlap of the QCD running coupling constant with the other two, gave rise to a model of unification of all three forces at very high energy, making one force to describe all particle interactions . These are the energies of the quark gluon electron etc ( a lot of etc since supersymmetry enters) plasma of cosmology, and of course it is model dependent.



This is a very sketchy description of the models used in particle physics for very high energy interactions. One should enter into the mathematics of the models for a serious study.




If quarks cannot be isolated




this should be qualified with "at energies available in our laboratories"




what does it mean to say that they got confined at the hadron era?




In cosmological models as the big bang one, all the energy of the universe is concentrated in a very small "volume", where to start with no particles of the standard model exist, and as time progresses they exist asymptotically free, in a soup.



history



As time progresses the universe cools and the hadron era is reached where by 0.01 seconds protons have been formed, and quarks and gluons have to be confined within hadrons.






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    Before the quarks were “confined” they were free in that each one could be essentially anywhere. At some point things cooled enough so that each quark settled into a bound state as say part of a proton. At high temperature there’s so much energy shared among particles that bound states are not likely to occur. Below a certain critical temperature the bound states are suddenly much more likely. This is a phase change similar to freezing.






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      2 Answers
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      2 Answers
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      Quarks and gluons are modeled with quantum chromodynamics.The electromagnetic force gets stronger for high energies , the strong (QCD) and weak force weaker, what is called asymptotic freedom.




      In particle physics, asymptotic freedom is a property of some gauge theories that causes interactions between particles to become asymptotically weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases.




      This can qualitatively be seen in this plot :



      running



      This shows 1/strength of the three interactions, strength is inversely connected with the coupling constant in the calculations using perturbation theory. The electromagnetic gets stronger with energy, the weak and the strong get weaker. This change in coupling constants has been measured at LEP experiments, for the weak and electromagnetic.



      The crossover of the weak and the electromagnetic gave rise to the electroweak theory , with the higgs , where for high energies they are one force, and then symmetry breaking makes the two separate forces we measure at the energies we have in the lab.



      The almost overlap of the QCD running coupling constant with the other two, gave rise to a model of unification of all three forces at very high energy, making one force to describe all particle interactions . These are the energies of the quark gluon electron etc ( a lot of etc since supersymmetry enters) plasma of cosmology, and of course it is model dependent.



      This is a very sketchy description of the models used in particle physics for very high energy interactions. One should enter into the mathematics of the models for a serious study.




      If quarks cannot be isolated




      this should be qualified with "at energies available in our laboratories"




      what does it mean to say that they got confined at the hadron era?




      In cosmological models as the big bang one, all the energy of the universe is concentrated in a very small "volume", where to start with no particles of the standard model exist, and as time progresses they exist asymptotically free, in a soup.



      history



      As time progresses the universe cools and the hadron era is reached where by 0.01 seconds protons have been formed, and quarks and gluons have to be confined within hadrons.






      share|cite|improve this answer



























        up vote
        2
        down vote













        Quarks and gluons are modeled with quantum chromodynamics.The electromagnetic force gets stronger for high energies , the strong (QCD) and weak force weaker, what is called asymptotic freedom.




        In particle physics, asymptotic freedom is a property of some gauge theories that causes interactions between particles to become asymptotically weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases.




        This can qualitatively be seen in this plot :



        running



        This shows 1/strength of the three interactions, strength is inversely connected with the coupling constant in the calculations using perturbation theory. The electromagnetic gets stronger with energy, the weak and the strong get weaker. This change in coupling constants has been measured at LEP experiments, for the weak and electromagnetic.



        The crossover of the weak and the electromagnetic gave rise to the electroweak theory , with the higgs , where for high energies they are one force, and then symmetry breaking makes the two separate forces we measure at the energies we have in the lab.



        The almost overlap of the QCD running coupling constant with the other two, gave rise to a model of unification of all three forces at very high energy, making one force to describe all particle interactions . These are the energies of the quark gluon electron etc ( a lot of etc since supersymmetry enters) plasma of cosmology, and of course it is model dependent.



        This is a very sketchy description of the models used in particle physics for very high energy interactions. One should enter into the mathematics of the models for a serious study.




        If quarks cannot be isolated




        this should be qualified with "at energies available in our laboratories"




        what does it mean to say that they got confined at the hadron era?




        In cosmological models as the big bang one, all the energy of the universe is concentrated in a very small "volume", where to start with no particles of the standard model exist, and as time progresses they exist asymptotically free, in a soup.



        history



        As time progresses the universe cools and the hadron era is reached where by 0.01 seconds protons have been formed, and quarks and gluons have to be confined within hadrons.






        share|cite|improve this answer

























          up vote
          2
          down vote










          up vote
          2
          down vote









          Quarks and gluons are modeled with quantum chromodynamics.The electromagnetic force gets stronger for high energies , the strong (QCD) and weak force weaker, what is called asymptotic freedom.




          In particle physics, asymptotic freedom is a property of some gauge theories that causes interactions between particles to become asymptotically weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases.




          This can qualitatively be seen in this plot :



          running



          This shows 1/strength of the three interactions, strength is inversely connected with the coupling constant in the calculations using perturbation theory. The electromagnetic gets stronger with energy, the weak and the strong get weaker. This change in coupling constants has been measured at LEP experiments, for the weak and electromagnetic.



          The crossover of the weak and the electromagnetic gave rise to the electroweak theory , with the higgs , where for high energies they are one force, and then symmetry breaking makes the two separate forces we measure at the energies we have in the lab.



          The almost overlap of the QCD running coupling constant with the other two, gave rise to a model of unification of all three forces at very high energy, making one force to describe all particle interactions . These are the energies of the quark gluon electron etc ( a lot of etc since supersymmetry enters) plasma of cosmology, and of course it is model dependent.



          This is a very sketchy description of the models used in particle physics for very high energy interactions. One should enter into the mathematics of the models for a serious study.




          If quarks cannot be isolated




          this should be qualified with "at energies available in our laboratories"




          what does it mean to say that they got confined at the hadron era?




          In cosmological models as the big bang one, all the energy of the universe is concentrated in a very small "volume", where to start with no particles of the standard model exist, and as time progresses they exist asymptotically free, in a soup.



          history



          As time progresses the universe cools and the hadron era is reached where by 0.01 seconds protons have been formed, and quarks and gluons have to be confined within hadrons.






          share|cite|improve this answer














          Quarks and gluons are modeled with quantum chromodynamics.The electromagnetic force gets stronger for high energies , the strong (QCD) and weak force weaker, what is called asymptotic freedom.




          In particle physics, asymptotic freedom is a property of some gauge theories that causes interactions between particles to become asymptotically weaker as the energy scale increases and the corresponding length scale decreases.




          This can qualitatively be seen in this plot :



          running



          This shows 1/strength of the three interactions, strength is inversely connected with the coupling constant in the calculations using perturbation theory. The electromagnetic gets stronger with energy, the weak and the strong get weaker. This change in coupling constants has been measured at LEP experiments, for the weak and electromagnetic.



          The crossover of the weak and the electromagnetic gave rise to the electroweak theory , with the higgs , where for high energies they are one force, and then symmetry breaking makes the two separate forces we measure at the energies we have in the lab.



          The almost overlap of the QCD running coupling constant with the other two, gave rise to a model of unification of all three forces at very high energy, making one force to describe all particle interactions . These are the energies of the quark gluon electron etc ( a lot of etc since supersymmetry enters) plasma of cosmology, and of course it is model dependent.



          This is a very sketchy description of the models used in particle physics for very high energy interactions. One should enter into the mathematics of the models for a serious study.




          If quarks cannot be isolated




          this should be qualified with "at energies available in our laboratories"




          what does it mean to say that they got confined at the hadron era?




          In cosmological models as the big bang one, all the energy of the universe is concentrated in a very small "volume", where to start with no particles of the standard model exist, and as time progresses they exist asymptotically free, in a soup.



          history



          As time progresses the universe cools and the hadron era is reached where by 0.01 seconds protons have been formed, and quarks and gluons have to be confined within hadrons.







          share|cite|improve this answer














          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer








          edited 2 hours ago

























          answered 3 hours ago









          anna v

          156k7148444




          156k7148444






















              up vote
              1
              down vote













              Before the quarks were “confined” they were free in that each one could be essentially anywhere. At some point things cooled enough so that each quark settled into a bound state as say part of a proton. At high temperature there’s so much energy shared among particles that bound states are not likely to occur. Below a certain critical temperature the bound states are suddenly much more likely. This is a phase change similar to freezing.






              share|cite|improve this answer

























                up vote
                1
                down vote













                Before the quarks were “confined” they were free in that each one could be essentially anywhere. At some point things cooled enough so that each quark settled into a bound state as say part of a proton. At high temperature there’s so much energy shared among particles that bound states are not likely to occur. Below a certain critical temperature the bound states are suddenly much more likely. This is a phase change similar to freezing.






                share|cite|improve this answer























                  up vote
                  1
                  down vote










                  up vote
                  1
                  down vote









                  Before the quarks were “confined” they were free in that each one could be essentially anywhere. At some point things cooled enough so that each quark settled into a bound state as say part of a proton. At high temperature there’s so much energy shared among particles that bound states are not likely to occur. Below a certain critical temperature the bound states are suddenly much more likely. This is a phase change similar to freezing.






                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  Before the quarks were “confined” they were free in that each one could be essentially anywhere. At some point things cooled enough so that each quark settled into a bound state as say part of a proton. At high temperature there’s so much energy shared among particles that bound states are not likely to occur. Below a certain critical temperature the bound states are suddenly much more likely. This is a phase change similar to freezing.







                  share|cite|improve this answer












                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer










                  answered 3 hours ago









                  Richard H Downey

                  30615




                  30615






























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