DNS over HTTPS























Internet security
protocols

Key management


  • Kerberos

  • RPKI

  • PKIX

  • Web of trust

  • X.509

  • XKMS

Application layer


  • DKIM

  • DMARC

  • HTTPS

  • PGP

  • Sender ID

  • SPF

  • S/MIME

  • SSH

  • TLS/SSL

Domain Name System


  • DANE

  • DNSSEC

  • DNS over HTTPS

  • DNS over TLS

Internet Layer


  • IKE

  • IPsec

  • L2TP

  • OpenVPN

  • PPTP

  • v

  • t

  • e


DNS over HTTPS (DoH) is a protocol for performing remote Domain Name System (DNS) resolution via the HTTPS protocol. A goal of the method is to increase user privacy and security by preventing eavesdropping and manipulation of DNS data by man-in-the-middle attacks.[1] As of March 2018[update], Google and the Mozilla Foundation are testing versions of DNS over HTTPS.[2][3]


In addition to improving security, another goal of DNS over HTTPS is to improve performance: testing of ISP DNS resolvers has shown that they have surprisingly slow response times in many cases, a problem that can be multiplied further by the need to resolve many addresses to deliver a single service such as a web page load.[1]


DNS over HTTPS is a standard as RFC 8484 under the IETF. It uses HTTP/2 and HTTPS, and supports the "wire format" DNS response data, as returned in existing UDP responses, in an HTTPS payload with the application/dns-message MIME type.[1][4] If HTTP/2 is used, the server may also use HTTP/2 server push to send values that it anticipates the client may find useful in advance.[5]




Contents






  • 1 Implementation scenarios


  • 2 DNS over HTTPS - Public DNS Servers


  • 3 Client support


  • 4 Alternatives


  • 5 See also


  • 6 References


  • 7 External links





Implementation scenarios


DNS over HTTPS is used for recursive DNS resolution by DNS resolvers. Resolvers (DoH clients) need to have access to a DoH server hosting a query endpoint.[5]


DNS over HTTPS currently lacks native support in operating systems. Thus a user wishing to use it must install additional software. Three usage scenarios are common:



  • Using a DoH implementation within an application: Some browsers have a built-in DoH implementation and can thus perform queries by bypassing the operating system's DNS functionality. A drawback is that an application may not inform the user if it skips DoH querying, either by misconfiguration or lack of support for DoH.

  • Installing a DoH proxy on the name server in the local network: In this scenario client systems continue to use traditional (port 53 or 853) DNS to query the name server in the local network, which will then gather the necessary replies via DoH by reaching DoH-servers in the Internet. This method is transparent to the end user.

  • Installing a DoH proxy on a local system: In this scenario, operating systems are configured to query a locally running DoH proxy. In contrast to the previously mentioned method, the proxy needs to be installed on each system wishing to use DoH, which might require a lot of effort in larger environments.


In all of these scenarios, the DoH client does not directly query any authoritative name servers. Instead, the client relies on the DoH server using traditional (port 53 or 853) queries to finally reach authoritative servers. Thus DoH does not qualify as an end-to-end encrypted protocol, only hop-to-hop encrypted and only if DNS over TLS is used consistently.



DNS over HTTPS - Public DNS Servers


DNS over HTTPS server implementations are already available for free by some public DNS providers[6]. See Public recursive name server for an overview.



Client support



  • Firefox since Version 62 and later — Browser support.[7]

  • DNSCrypt-proxy — Local DNS → DNS over HTTPS proxy.[8]

  • doh-php-client — PHP Implementation.[9]

  • Technitium DNS Client — C# .NET cross-platform implementation.[10]

  • Technitium DNS Server — A local DNS server with DNS-over-HTTPS forwarder support. [11]

  • Intra — an Android application by Jigsaw to route all your DNS queries to a DNS-over-HTTPS server of your choice [12]

  • Cloudflare 1.1.1.1 client app for Android and iOS.[13]

  • curl since 7.62.0.[14]



Alternatives



  • DNS over TLS

  • DNSCrypt

  • Public recursive name server



See also



  • DNS over TLS

  • EDNS Client Subnet

  • DNS



References





  1. ^ abc Chirgwin, Richard (14 Dec 2017). "IETF protects privacy and helps net neutrality with DNS over HTTPS". The Register. Retrieved 2018-03-21..mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output q{quotes:"""""""'""'"}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}


  2. ^ "DNS-over-HTTPS | Public DNS | Google Developers". Google Developers. Retrieved 2018-03-21.


  3. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin (2018-03-20). "Mozilla Is Testing "DNS over HTTPS" Support in Firefox". BleepingComputer. Retrieved 2018-03-21.


  4. ^ Hoffman, P; McManus, P. "RFC 8484 - DNS Queries over HTTPS". datatracker.ietf.org. Retrieved 2018-05-20.


  5. ^ ab Hoffman, P; McManus, P. "draft-ietf-doh-dns-over-https-08 - DNS Queries over HTTPS". datatracker.ietf.org. Retrieved 2018-05-20.


  6. ^ "DNS over HTTPS Implementations". 2018-04-27. Retrieved 2018-04-27.


  7. ^ "Improving DNS Privacy in Firefox".


  8. ^ "DNSCrypt-proxy v2.0".


  9. ^ "DNS over HTTPS PHP Client".


  10. ^ "DNS over HTTPS C# Client".


  11. ^ "Technitium DNS Server as DNS-over-HTTPS Proxy".


  12. ^ "Intra on Play Store".


  13. ^ Cimpanu, Catalin. "Cloudflare launches Android and iOS apps for its 1.1.1.1 service". ZDNet. Retrieved 2018-12-13.


  14. ^ "DoH in curl".




External links



  • DNS Privacy Project: dnsprivacy.org

  • DNS over HTTPS Implementations

  • A cartoon intro to DNS over HTTPS




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