Krdytkyu

readarray -t array < <(

for str in "${array[@]}"; do

    printf '%dt%sn' "${#str}" "$str"

done | sort -k 1,1nr -k 2 | cut -f 2- )

This reads the values of the sorted array from a process substitution.

The process substitution contains a loop. The loop output each element of the array prepended by the element's length and a tab character in-between.

The output of the loop is sorted numerically from largest to smallest (and alphabetically if the lengths are the same; use -k 2r in place of -k 2 to reverse the alphabetical order) and the result of that is sent to cut which deletes the column with the string lengths.

Sort test script followed by a test run:

array=(

    "tiny string"

    "the longest string in the list"

    "middle string"

    "medium string"

    "also a medium string"

    "short string"

)



readarray -t array < <(

for str in "${array[@]}"; do

    printf '%dt%sn' "${#str}" "$str"

done | sort -k 1,1nr -k 2 | cut -f 2- )



printf '%sn' "${array[@]}"

$ bash script.sh

the longest string in the list

also a medium string

medium string

middle string

short string

tiny string

This assumes that the strings do not contain newlines. On GNU systems with a recent bash, you can support embedded newlines in the data by using the nul-character as the record separator instead of newline:

readarray -d '' -t array < <(

for str in "${array[@]}"; do

    printf '%dt%s' "${#str}" "$str"

done | sort -z -k 1,1nr -k 2 | cut -z -f 2- )

Here, the data is printed with trailing in the loop instead of newlines, the sort and cut reads nul-delimited lines through their -z GNU options and readarray finally reads the nul-delimited data with -d ''.

I won't completely repeat what I've already said about sorting in bash, just you can sort within bash, but maybe you shouldn't. Below is a bash-only implementation of an insertion sort, which is O(n²), and so is only tolerable for small arrays. It sorts the array elements in-place by their length, in decreasing order. It does not do a secondary alphabetical sort.

array=(

    "tiny string"

    "the longest string in the list"

    "middle string"

    "medium string"

    "also a medium string"

    "short string"

    )



function sort_inplace {

  local i j tmp

  for ((i=0; i <= ${#array[@]} - 2; i++))

  do

    for ((j=i + 1; j <= ${#array[@]} - 1; j++))

    do

      local ivalue jvalue

        ivalue=${#array[i]}

        jvalue=${#array[j]}

        if [[ $ivalue < $jvalue ]]

        then

                tmp=${array[i]}

                array[i]=${array[j]}

                array[j]=$tmp

        fi

    done

  done

}



echo Initial:

declare -p array



sort_inplace



echo Sorted:

declare -p array

As evidence that this is a specialized solution, consider the timings of the existing three answers on various size arrays:

# 6 elements

Choroba: 0m0.004s

Kusalananda: 0m0.004s

Jeff: 0m0.018s         ## already 4 times slower!



# 1000 elements

Choroba: 0m0.004s

Kusalananda: 0m0.004s

Jeff: 0m0.021s        ## up to 5 times slower, now!



5000 elements

Choroba: 0m0.004s

Kusalananda: 0m0.004s

Jeff: 0m0.019s



# 10000 elements

Choroba: 0m0.004s

Kusalananda: 0m0.006s

Jeff: 0m0.020s



# 99000 elements

Choroba: 0m0.015s

Kusalananda: 0m0.012s

Jeff: 0m0.119s

Choroba and Kusalananda have the right idea: compute the lengths once and use dedicated utilities for sorting and text processing.

A hackish? (complex) and fast one line way to sort the array by length

(safe for newlines and sparse arrays):

#!/bin/bash

in=(

    "tiny string"

    "the longest

        string also containing

        newlines"

    "middle string"

    "medium string"

    "also a medium string"

    "short string"

    "test * string"

    "*"

    "?"

    "[abc]"

)



readarray -td $'' sorted < <(

                    for i in "${in[@]}"

                    do     printf '%s %s' "${#i}" "$i";

                    done |

                            sort -bz -k1,1rn -k2 |

                            cut -zd " " -f2-

                    )



printf '%sn' "${sorted[@]}"

On one line:

readarray -td $'' sorted < <(for i in "${in[@]}";do printf '%s %s' "${#i}" "$i"; done | sort -bz -k1,1rn -k2 | cut -zd " " -f2-)

On execution

$ ./script

the longest

        string also containing

        newlines

also a medium string

medium string

middle string

test * string

short string

tiny string

[abc]

?

*

This also handles array elements with newlines in them; it works by passing through sort only the length and the index of each element. It should work with bash and ksh.

in=(

    "tiny string"

    "the longest

        string also containing

        newlines"

    "middle string"

    "medium string"

    "also a medium string"

    "short string"

)

out=()



unset IFS

for a in $(for i in ${!in[@]}; do echo ${#in[i]}/$i; done | sort -rn); do

        out+=("${in[${a#*/}]}")

done



for a in "${out[@]}"; do printf '"%s"n' "$a"; done

If the elements of the same length also have to be sorted lexicographically, the loop could be changed like this:

IFS='

'

for a in $(for i in ${!in[@]}; do printf '%sn' "$i ${#in[i]} ${in[i]//$IFS/ }"; done | sort -k 2,2nr -k 3 | cut -d' ' -f1); do

        out+=("${in[$a]}")

done

This will also pass to sort the strings (with newlines changed to spaces), but they would still be copied from the source to the destination array by their indexes. In both examples, the $(...) will see only lines containing numbers (and the / character in the first example), so it won't be tripped by globbing characters or spaces in the strings.

In case switching to zsh is an option, a hackish way there (for arrays containing any sequence of bytes):

array=('' blah $'xnynz' $'xy' '1 2 3')

sorted_array=( /(e'{reply=("$array[@]")}'nOe'{REPLY=$#REPLY}') )

zsh allows defining sort orders for its glob expansion via glob qualifiers. So here, we're tricking it to do it for arbitrary arrays by globbing on /, but replacing / with the elements of the array (e'{reply=("$array[@]")}') and then numerically order (in reverse with uppercase O) the elements based on their length (Oe'{REPLY=$#REPLY}').

Note that it's based on the length in number of characters. For number of bytes, set the locale to C (LC_ALL=C).

Another bash 4.4+ approach (assuming not too big an array):

readarray -td '' sorted_array < <(

  perl -l0 -e 'print for sort {length $b <=> length $a} @ARGV

              ' -- "${array[@]}")

(that's length in bytes).

With older versions of bash, you could always do:

eval "sorted_array=($(

    perl -l0 -e 'for (sort {length $b <=> length $a} @ARGV) {

      '"s/'/'\\''/g"'; printf " ''%s''", $_}' -- "${array[@]}"

  ))"

(which would also work with ksh93, zsh, yash, mksh).