Calculate limit os sequence.











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Suppose $p_i >0 ~(i=1,2,ldots)$ and $lim_{n to infty}{frac{p_n}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}}=0$ and $lim_{n to infty}{a_n}=a$ prove that $$lim_{n to infty}{frac{p_1a_n+p_2a_{n-1}+...+p_n a_1}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}}=a.$$



Now proof attempt:
$|a_n|$ is bounded as it converges. So:
$$left|frac{p_1a_n+p_2a_{n-1}+...+p_n a_1}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}-aright|=left|frac{p_1(a_n-a)+p_2(a_{n-1}-a)+...+p_n (a_1-a)}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}right| leq \
leq frac{|p_1(a_n-a)|+|p_2(a_{n-1}-a)|+...+|p_n (a_1-a)|}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n},$$

and for some $N$ and $M$ we have:
$$frac{|p_1(a_n-a)|+|p_2(a_{n-1}-a)|+...+|p_{n-N} (a_{N+1}-a)|+p_{n-N+1}M+...+p_nM}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}.$$
So now what do I do?










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    Suppose $p_i >0 ~(i=1,2,ldots)$ and $lim_{n to infty}{frac{p_n}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}}=0$ and $lim_{n to infty}{a_n}=a$ prove that $$lim_{n to infty}{frac{p_1a_n+p_2a_{n-1}+...+p_n a_1}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}}=a.$$



    Now proof attempt:
    $|a_n|$ is bounded as it converges. So:
    $$left|frac{p_1a_n+p_2a_{n-1}+...+p_n a_1}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}-aright|=left|frac{p_1(a_n-a)+p_2(a_{n-1}-a)+...+p_n (a_1-a)}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}right| leq \
    leq frac{|p_1(a_n-a)|+|p_2(a_{n-1}-a)|+...+|p_n (a_1-a)|}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n},$$

    and for some $N$ and $M$ we have:
    $$frac{|p_1(a_n-a)|+|p_2(a_{n-1}-a)|+...+|p_{n-N} (a_{N+1}-a)|+p_{n-N+1}M+...+p_nM}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}.$$
    So now what do I do?










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      Suppose $p_i >0 ~(i=1,2,ldots)$ and $lim_{n to infty}{frac{p_n}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}}=0$ and $lim_{n to infty}{a_n}=a$ prove that $$lim_{n to infty}{frac{p_1a_n+p_2a_{n-1}+...+p_n a_1}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}}=a.$$



      Now proof attempt:
      $|a_n|$ is bounded as it converges. So:
      $$left|frac{p_1a_n+p_2a_{n-1}+...+p_n a_1}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}-aright|=left|frac{p_1(a_n-a)+p_2(a_{n-1}-a)+...+p_n (a_1-a)}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}right| leq \
      leq frac{|p_1(a_n-a)|+|p_2(a_{n-1}-a)|+...+|p_n (a_1-a)|}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n},$$

      and for some $N$ and $M$ we have:
      $$frac{|p_1(a_n-a)|+|p_2(a_{n-1}-a)|+...+|p_{n-N} (a_{N+1}-a)|+p_{n-N+1}M+...+p_nM}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}.$$
      So now what do I do?










      share|cite|improve this question















      Suppose $p_i >0 ~(i=1,2,ldots)$ and $lim_{n to infty}{frac{p_n}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}}=0$ and $lim_{n to infty}{a_n}=a$ prove that $$lim_{n to infty}{frac{p_1a_n+p_2a_{n-1}+...+p_n a_1}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}}=a.$$



      Now proof attempt:
      $|a_n|$ is bounded as it converges. So:
      $$left|frac{p_1a_n+p_2a_{n-1}+...+p_n a_1}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}-aright|=left|frac{p_1(a_n-a)+p_2(a_{n-1}-a)+...+p_n (a_1-a)}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}right| leq \
      leq frac{|p_1(a_n-a)|+|p_2(a_{n-1}-a)|+...+|p_n (a_1-a)|}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n},$$

      and for some $N$ and $M$ we have:
      $$frac{|p_1(a_n-a)|+|p_2(a_{n-1}-a)|+...+|p_{n-N} (a_{N+1}-a)|+p_{n-N+1}M+...+p_nM}{p_1+p_2+...+p_n}.$$
      So now what do I do?







      real-analysis






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      edited Nov 20 at 16:31

























      asked Nov 20 at 16:01









      mathnoob

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          You have started well and your relation holds true for a fixed natural $N$ and any $n geq N$. Since $N$ is fixed the part with $frac{(p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n)M}{p_1+...+p_n}$ will go to zero by your hypothesis(it is a sum of finitely many terms which each go to zero).



          For the second term in your fraction, note that $(a_{N+1}-a),...,(a_n-a)$ are all bounded by some $epsilon$ and that $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to one so the whole fraction $frac{|p_1(a_n-a)+...+p_{n-N}(a_{N+1}-a)|}{p1+...+p_n}$ is bounded above by $epsilonfrac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p1+...+p_n}$ and goes to zero, whence your proof.






          share|cite|improve this answer





















          • why does $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to 1?
            – mathnoob
            Nov 20 at 16:29






          • 1




            it equals $1-frac{p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n}{p_1+...+p_n}$ = $1 - (frac{p_{n-N+1}}{p_1+...+p_n}+...+frac{p_{n}}{p_1+...+p_n})$ = 1 - a finite number of terms all going to 0 by your hypothesis.
            – Sorin Tirc
            Nov 20 at 16:32








          • 1




            I would suggest that you add that for each $m$, $frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k}to 0$ since $$left|frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k} right|le frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^{n-m} p_k}to 0$$as a consequence of $p_k>0$.
            – Mark Viola
            Nov 20 at 17:56













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          You have started well and your relation holds true for a fixed natural $N$ and any $n geq N$. Since $N$ is fixed the part with $frac{(p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n)M}{p_1+...+p_n}$ will go to zero by your hypothesis(it is a sum of finitely many terms which each go to zero).



          For the second term in your fraction, note that $(a_{N+1}-a),...,(a_n-a)$ are all bounded by some $epsilon$ and that $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to one so the whole fraction $frac{|p_1(a_n-a)+...+p_{n-N}(a_{N+1}-a)|}{p1+...+p_n}$ is bounded above by $epsilonfrac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p1+...+p_n}$ and goes to zero, whence your proof.






          share|cite|improve this answer





















          • why does $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to 1?
            – mathnoob
            Nov 20 at 16:29






          • 1




            it equals $1-frac{p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n}{p_1+...+p_n}$ = $1 - (frac{p_{n-N+1}}{p_1+...+p_n}+...+frac{p_{n}}{p_1+...+p_n})$ = 1 - a finite number of terms all going to 0 by your hypothesis.
            – Sorin Tirc
            Nov 20 at 16:32








          • 1




            I would suggest that you add that for each $m$, $frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k}to 0$ since $$left|frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k} right|le frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^{n-m} p_k}to 0$$as a consequence of $p_k>0$.
            – Mark Viola
            Nov 20 at 17:56

















          up vote
          0
          down vote



          accepted










          You have started well and your relation holds true for a fixed natural $N$ and any $n geq N$. Since $N$ is fixed the part with $frac{(p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n)M}{p_1+...+p_n}$ will go to zero by your hypothesis(it is a sum of finitely many terms which each go to zero).



          For the second term in your fraction, note that $(a_{N+1}-a),...,(a_n-a)$ are all bounded by some $epsilon$ and that $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to one so the whole fraction $frac{|p_1(a_n-a)+...+p_{n-N}(a_{N+1}-a)|}{p1+...+p_n}$ is bounded above by $epsilonfrac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p1+...+p_n}$ and goes to zero, whence your proof.






          share|cite|improve this answer





















          • why does $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to 1?
            – mathnoob
            Nov 20 at 16:29






          • 1




            it equals $1-frac{p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n}{p_1+...+p_n}$ = $1 - (frac{p_{n-N+1}}{p_1+...+p_n}+...+frac{p_{n}}{p_1+...+p_n})$ = 1 - a finite number of terms all going to 0 by your hypothesis.
            – Sorin Tirc
            Nov 20 at 16:32








          • 1




            I would suggest that you add that for each $m$, $frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k}to 0$ since $$left|frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k} right|le frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^{n-m} p_k}to 0$$as a consequence of $p_k>0$.
            – Mark Viola
            Nov 20 at 17:56















          up vote
          0
          down vote



          accepted







          up vote
          0
          down vote



          accepted






          You have started well and your relation holds true for a fixed natural $N$ and any $n geq N$. Since $N$ is fixed the part with $frac{(p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n)M}{p_1+...+p_n}$ will go to zero by your hypothesis(it is a sum of finitely many terms which each go to zero).



          For the second term in your fraction, note that $(a_{N+1}-a),...,(a_n-a)$ are all bounded by some $epsilon$ and that $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to one so the whole fraction $frac{|p_1(a_n-a)+...+p_{n-N}(a_{N+1}-a)|}{p1+...+p_n}$ is bounded above by $epsilonfrac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p1+...+p_n}$ and goes to zero, whence your proof.






          share|cite|improve this answer












          You have started well and your relation holds true for a fixed natural $N$ and any $n geq N$. Since $N$ is fixed the part with $frac{(p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n)M}{p_1+...+p_n}$ will go to zero by your hypothesis(it is a sum of finitely many terms which each go to zero).



          For the second term in your fraction, note that $(a_{N+1}-a),...,(a_n-a)$ are all bounded by some $epsilon$ and that $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to one so the whole fraction $frac{|p_1(a_n-a)+...+p_{n-N}(a_{N+1}-a)|}{p1+...+p_n}$ is bounded above by $epsilonfrac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p1+...+p_n}$ and goes to zero, whence your proof.







          share|cite|improve this answer












          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered Nov 20 at 16:18









          Sorin Tirc

          77210




          77210












          • why does $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to 1?
            – mathnoob
            Nov 20 at 16:29






          • 1




            it equals $1-frac{p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n}{p_1+...+p_n}$ = $1 - (frac{p_{n-N+1}}{p_1+...+p_n}+...+frac{p_{n}}{p_1+...+p_n})$ = 1 - a finite number of terms all going to 0 by your hypothesis.
            – Sorin Tirc
            Nov 20 at 16:32








          • 1




            I would suggest that you add that for each $m$, $frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k}to 0$ since $$left|frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k} right|le frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^{n-m} p_k}to 0$$as a consequence of $p_k>0$.
            – Mark Viola
            Nov 20 at 17:56




















          • why does $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to 1?
            – mathnoob
            Nov 20 at 16:29






          • 1




            it equals $1-frac{p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n}{p_1+...+p_n}$ = $1 - (frac{p_{n-N+1}}{p_1+...+p_n}+...+frac{p_{n}}{p_1+...+p_n})$ = 1 - a finite number of terms all going to 0 by your hypothesis.
            – Sorin Tirc
            Nov 20 at 16:32








          • 1




            I would suggest that you add that for each $m$, $frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k}to 0$ since $$left|frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k} right|le frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^{n-m} p_k}to 0$$as a consequence of $p_k>0$.
            – Mark Viola
            Nov 20 at 17:56


















          why does $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to 1?
          – mathnoob
          Nov 20 at 16:29




          why does $frac{p_1+...+p_{n-N}}{p_1+...+p_n}$ tends to 1?
          – mathnoob
          Nov 20 at 16:29




          1




          1




          it equals $1-frac{p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n}{p_1+...+p_n}$ = $1 - (frac{p_{n-N+1}}{p_1+...+p_n}+...+frac{p_{n}}{p_1+...+p_n})$ = 1 - a finite number of terms all going to 0 by your hypothesis.
          – Sorin Tirc
          Nov 20 at 16:32






          it equals $1-frac{p_{n-N+1}+...+p_n}{p_1+...+p_n}$ = $1 - (frac{p_{n-N+1}}{p_1+...+p_n}+...+frac{p_{n}}{p_1+...+p_n})$ = 1 - a finite number of terms all going to 0 by your hypothesis.
          – Sorin Tirc
          Nov 20 at 16:32






          1




          1




          I would suggest that you add that for each $m$, $frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k}to 0$ since $$left|frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k} right|le frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^{n-m} p_k}to 0$$as a consequence of $p_k>0$.
          – Mark Viola
          Nov 20 at 17:56






          I would suggest that you add that for each $m$, $frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k}to 0$ since $$left|frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^n p_k} right|le frac{p_{n-m}}{sum_{k=1}^{n-m} p_k}to 0$$as a consequence of $p_k>0$.
          – Mark Viola
          Nov 20 at 17:56




















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