Proof verification - If $f$ is continuous, then $f_{n}$ is continuous in at least one $n in mathbb{N}$
Given $f_{n} : [a, b] mapsto mathbb{R}$ a sequence of functions that converge uniformaly to $f : [a, b] mapsto mathbb{R}$
Prove or disprove: If $f$ is continuous, then $f_{n}$ is continuous in at least one $n in mathbb{N}$
My attempt at a proof:
Let $epsilon > 0$ and $x_{0} in [a,b]$ arbitrary
Since $f$ is continuous on $[a,b]$ there exists a $delta_{epsilon} > 0$ such that for all $x in [a,b]$
$$ |x - x_{0}| < delta_{epsilon} Longrightarrow |f(x) - f(x_{0})| < frac{epsilon}{3}$$
Because $f_{n}$ converges uniformaly to $f$ we can find an $N_{epsilon} in mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n geq N_{epsilon}$ and all $x in [a,b]$
$$|f_{n}(x) - f(x)| < frac{epsilon}{3} $$
which means that for $n geq N_{epsilon}$ : if $|x - x_{0}| < delta_{epsilon}$ then
$$ |f_{n}(x) - f_{n}(x_{0})| leq |f_{n}(x) - f(x)| + |f(x) - f(x_{0})| + |f(x_{0}) -f_{n}(x_{0})| < epsilon $$
Therefore $f_{n}$ is continuous for at least one $n$
Is this proof correct? Thanks.
real-analysis proof-verification continuity uniform-convergence
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Given $f_{n} : [a, b] mapsto mathbb{R}$ a sequence of functions that converge uniformaly to $f : [a, b] mapsto mathbb{R}$
Prove or disprove: If $f$ is continuous, then $f_{n}$ is continuous in at least one $n in mathbb{N}$
My attempt at a proof:
Let $epsilon > 0$ and $x_{0} in [a,b]$ arbitrary
Since $f$ is continuous on $[a,b]$ there exists a $delta_{epsilon} > 0$ such that for all $x in [a,b]$
$$ |x - x_{0}| < delta_{epsilon} Longrightarrow |f(x) - f(x_{0})| < frac{epsilon}{3}$$
Because $f_{n}$ converges uniformaly to $f$ we can find an $N_{epsilon} in mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n geq N_{epsilon}$ and all $x in [a,b]$
$$|f_{n}(x) - f(x)| < frac{epsilon}{3} $$
which means that for $n geq N_{epsilon}$ : if $|x - x_{0}| < delta_{epsilon}$ then
$$ |f_{n}(x) - f_{n}(x_{0})| leq |f_{n}(x) - f(x)| + |f(x) - f(x_{0})| + |f(x_{0}) -f_{n}(x_{0})| < epsilon $$
Therefore $f_{n}$ is continuous for at least one $n$
Is this proof correct? Thanks.
real-analysis proof-verification continuity uniform-convergence
add a comment |
Given $f_{n} : [a, b] mapsto mathbb{R}$ a sequence of functions that converge uniformaly to $f : [a, b] mapsto mathbb{R}$
Prove or disprove: If $f$ is continuous, then $f_{n}$ is continuous in at least one $n in mathbb{N}$
My attempt at a proof:
Let $epsilon > 0$ and $x_{0} in [a,b]$ arbitrary
Since $f$ is continuous on $[a,b]$ there exists a $delta_{epsilon} > 0$ such that for all $x in [a,b]$
$$ |x - x_{0}| < delta_{epsilon} Longrightarrow |f(x) - f(x_{0})| < frac{epsilon}{3}$$
Because $f_{n}$ converges uniformaly to $f$ we can find an $N_{epsilon} in mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n geq N_{epsilon}$ and all $x in [a,b]$
$$|f_{n}(x) - f(x)| < frac{epsilon}{3} $$
which means that for $n geq N_{epsilon}$ : if $|x - x_{0}| < delta_{epsilon}$ then
$$ |f_{n}(x) - f_{n}(x_{0})| leq |f_{n}(x) - f(x)| + |f(x) - f(x_{0})| + |f(x_{0}) -f_{n}(x_{0})| < epsilon $$
Therefore $f_{n}$ is continuous for at least one $n$
Is this proof correct? Thanks.
real-analysis proof-verification continuity uniform-convergence
Given $f_{n} : [a, b] mapsto mathbb{R}$ a sequence of functions that converge uniformaly to $f : [a, b] mapsto mathbb{R}$
Prove or disprove: If $f$ is continuous, then $f_{n}$ is continuous in at least one $n in mathbb{N}$
My attempt at a proof:
Let $epsilon > 0$ and $x_{0} in [a,b]$ arbitrary
Since $f$ is continuous on $[a,b]$ there exists a $delta_{epsilon} > 0$ such that for all $x in [a,b]$
$$ |x - x_{0}| < delta_{epsilon} Longrightarrow |f(x) - f(x_{0})| < frac{epsilon}{3}$$
Because $f_{n}$ converges uniformaly to $f$ we can find an $N_{epsilon} in mathbb{N}$ such that for all $n geq N_{epsilon}$ and all $x in [a,b]$
$$|f_{n}(x) - f(x)| < frac{epsilon}{3} $$
which means that for $n geq N_{epsilon}$ : if $|x - x_{0}| < delta_{epsilon}$ then
$$ |f_{n}(x) - f_{n}(x_{0})| leq |f_{n}(x) - f(x)| + |f(x) - f(x_{0})| + |f(x_{0}) -f_{n}(x_{0})| < epsilon $$
Therefore $f_{n}$ is continuous for at least one $n$
Is this proof correct? Thanks.
real-analysis proof-verification continuity uniform-convergence
real-analysis proof-verification continuity uniform-convergence
edited Nov 27 '18 at 21:39
José Carlos Santos
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151k22123224
asked Nov 27 '18 at 21:15
9Sp
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No, it is not correct and it could not possibly be correct, since the statement is false. For each $ninmathbb N$, define $f_ncolon[-1,1]longrightarrowmathbb R$ by$$f_n(x)=begin{cases}frac1n&text{ if }x>0\0&text{ otherwise.}end{cases}$$Then $(f_n)_{ninmathbb N}$ converges uniformly to the null function, but no $f_n$ is continuous.
Concerning your proof, your goal was to prove thatbegin{multline}(exists ninmathbb{N})(forall x_0in[a,b])(forallvarepsilon>0)(existsdelta>0):xin[x_0-delta,x_0+delta]cap[a,b]implies\impliesbigllvert f_n(x)-f_n(x_0bigrrvert<varepsilon,end{multline}but what you actually proved was thatbegin{multline}(forall x_0in[a,b])(forallvarepsilon>0)(exists ninmathbb{N})(existsdelta>0):xin[x_0-delta,x_0+delta]cap[a,b]implies\impliesbigllvert f_n(x)-f_n(x_0bigrrvert<varepsilon.end{multline}
Thanks. I have seen other counterexamples too now. Could you please point out where I have gone wrong in my "proof"?
– 9Sp
Nov 27 '18 at 21:26
3
It is because the positive integer $N_{epsilon}$ that you found depends on $epsilon>0$. So while the equality you end up with is true for the given value of $epsilon$, it won't necessarily hold for other $epsilon>0$.
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:35
rather inequality*, not equality
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:46
add a comment |
Another counterexample:
For each $n in mathbb N$ define $f_n: [a,b] to mathbb R$ by
$$f_n(x)=begin{cases}frac1n&text{ if }x in mathbb Q \0&text{ otherwise.}end{cases}$$
Given $n in mathbb N$ and $x in [a,b]$ we may show that $f_n$ does not satisfy the definition of a continuous function by selecting $ varepsilon=frac{1}{n+1}$. So if $delta>0$, then there is $hat{x}$ such that $|hat x - x|<delta$ but $|,f_n(hat x) - f_n(x)|geq varepsilon$.
Call the limit function $f(x)=lim_{n to infty} f_n(x)$ a degenerate case of a Dirichlet function (kind of a bad joke).
add a comment |
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2 Answers
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2 Answers
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No, it is not correct and it could not possibly be correct, since the statement is false. For each $ninmathbb N$, define $f_ncolon[-1,1]longrightarrowmathbb R$ by$$f_n(x)=begin{cases}frac1n&text{ if }x>0\0&text{ otherwise.}end{cases}$$Then $(f_n)_{ninmathbb N}$ converges uniformly to the null function, but no $f_n$ is continuous.
Concerning your proof, your goal was to prove thatbegin{multline}(exists ninmathbb{N})(forall x_0in[a,b])(forallvarepsilon>0)(existsdelta>0):xin[x_0-delta,x_0+delta]cap[a,b]implies\impliesbigllvert f_n(x)-f_n(x_0bigrrvert<varepsilon,end{multline}but what you actually proved was thatbegin{multline}(forall x_0in[a,b])(forallvarepsilon>0)(exists ninmathbb{N})(existsdelta>0):xin[x_0-delta,x_0+delta]cap[a,b]implies\impliesbigllvert f_n(x)-f_n(x_0bigrrvert<varepsilon.end{multline}
Thanks. I have seen other counterexamples too now. Could you please point out where I have gone wrong in my "proof"?
– 9Sp
Nov 27 '18 at 21:26
3
It is because the positive integer $N_{epsilon}$ that you found depends on $epsilon>0$. So while the equality you end up with is true for the given value of $epsilon$, it won't necessarily hold for other $epsilon>0$.
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:35
rather inequality*, not equality
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:46
add a comment |
No, it is not correct and it could not possibly be correct, since the statement is false. For each $ninmathbb N$, define $f_ncolon[-1,1]longrightarrowmathbb R$ by$$f_n(x)=begin{cases}frac1n&text{ if }x>0\0&text{ otherwise.}end{cases}$$Then $(f_n)_{ninmathbb N}$ converges uniformly to the null function, but no $f_n$ is continuous.
Concerning your proof, your goal was to prove thatbegin{multline}(exists ninmathbb{N})(forall x_0in[a,b])(forallvarepsilon>0)(existsdelta>0):xin[x_0-delta,x_0+delta]cap[a,b]implies\impliesbigllvert f_n(x)-f_n(x_0bigrrvert<varepsilon,end{multline}but what you actually proved was thatbegin{multline}(forall x_0in[a,b])(forallvarepsilon>0)(exists ninmathbb{N})(existsdelta>0):xin[x_0-delta,x_0+delta]cap[a,b]implies\impliesbigllvert f_n(x)-f_n(x_0bigrrvert<varepsilon.end{multline}
Thanks. I have seen other counterexamples too now. Could you please point out where I have gone wrong in my "proof"?
– 9Sp
Nov 27 '18 at 21:26
3
It is because the positive integer $N_{epsilon}$ that you found depends on $epsilon>0$. So while the equality you end up with is true for the given value of $epsilon$, it won't necessarily hold for other $epsilon>0$.
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:35
rather inequality*, not equality
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:46
add a comment |
No, it is not correct and it could not possibly be correct, since the statement is false. For each $ninmathbb N$, define $f_ncolon[-1,1]longrightarrowmathbb R$ by$$f_n(x)=begin{cases}frac1n&text{ if }x>0\0&text{ otherwise.}end{cases}$$Then $(f_n)_{ninmathbb N}$ converges uniformly to the null function, but no $f_n$ is continuous.
Concerning your proof, your goal was to prove thatbegin{multline}(exists ninmathbb{N})(forall x_0in[a,b])(forallvarepsilon>0)(existsdelta>0):xin[x_0-delta,x_0+delta]cap[a,b]implies\impliesbigllvert f_n(x)-f_n(x_0bigrrvert<varepsilon,end{multline}but what you actually proved was thatbegin{multline}(forall x_0in[a,b])(forallvarepsilon>0)(exists ninmathbb{N})(existsdelta>0):xin[x_0-delta,x_0+delta]cap[a,b]implies\impliesbigllvert f_n(x)-f_n(x_0bigrrvert<varepsilon.end{multline}
No, it is not correct and it could not possibly be correct, since the statement is false. For each $ninmathbb N$, define $f_ncolon[-1,1]longrightarrowmathbb R$ by$$f_n(x)=begin{cases}frac1n&text{ if }x>0\0&text{ otherwise.}end{cases}$$Then $(f_n)_{ninmathbb N}$ converges uniformly to the null function, but no $f_n$ is continuous.
Concerning your proof, your goal was to prove thatbegin{multline}(exists ninmathbb{N})(forall x_0in[a,b])(forallvarepsilon>0)(existsdelta>0):xin[x_0-delta,x_0+delta]cap[a,b]implies\impliesbigllvert f_n(x)-f_n(x_0bigrrvert<varepsilon,end{multline}but what you actually proved was thatbegin{multline}(forall x_0in[a,b])(forallvarepsilon>0)(exists ninmathbb{N})(existsdelta>0):xin[x_0-delta,x_0+delta]cap[a,b]implies\impliesbigllvert f_n(x)-f_n(x_0bigrrvert<varepsilon.end{multline}
edited Nov 27 '18 at 22:18
answered Nov 27 '18 at 21:19
José Carlos Santos
151k22123224
151k22123224
Thanks. I have seen other counterexamples too now. Could you please point out where I have gone wrong in my "proof"?
– 9Sp
Nov 27 '18 at 21:26
3
It is because the positive integer $N_{epsilon}$ that you found depends on $epsilon>0$. So while the equality you end up with is true for the given value of $epsilon$, it won't necessarily hold for other $epsilon>0$.
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:35
rather inequality*, not equality
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:46
add a comment |
Thanks. I have seen other counterexamples too now. Could you please point out where I have gone wrong in my "proof"?
– 9Sp
Nov 27 '18 at 21:26
3
It is because the positive integer $N_{epsilon}$ that you found depends on $epsilon>0$. So while the equality you end up with is true for the given value of $epsilon$, it won't necessarily hold for other $epsilon>0$.
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:35
rather inequality*, not equality
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:46
Thanks. I have seen other counterexamples too now. Could you please point out where I have gone wrong in my "proof"?
– 9Sp
Nov 27 '18 at 21:26
Thanks. I have seen other counterexamples too now. Could you please point out where I have gone wrong in my "proof"?
– 9Sp
Nov 27 '18 at 21:26
3
3
It is because the positive integer $N_{epsilon}$ that you found depends on $epsilon>0$. So while the equality you end up with is true for the given value of $epsilon$, it won't necessarily hold for other $epsilon>0$.
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:35
It is because the positive integer $N_{epsilon}$ that you found depends on $epsilon>0$. So while the equality you end up with is true for the given value of $epsilon$, it won't necessarily hold for other $epsilon>0$.
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:35
rather inequality*, not equality
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:46
rather inequality*, not equality
– Matt A Pelto
Nov 27 '18 at 21:46
add a comment |
Another counterexample:
For each $n in mathbb N$ define $f_n: [a,b] to mathbb R$ by
$$f_n(x)=begin{cases}frac1n&text{ if }x in mathbb Q \0&text{ otherwise.}end{cases}$$
Given $n in mathbb N$ and $x in [a,b]$ we may show that $f_n$ does not satisfy the definition of a continuous function by selecting $ varepsilon=frac{1}{n+1}$. So if $delta>0$, then there is $hat{x}$ such that $|hat x - x|<delta$ but $|,f_n(hat x) - f_n(x)|geq varepsilon$.
Call the limit function $f(x)=lim_{n to infty} f_n(x)$ a degenerate case of a Dirichlet function (kind of a bad joke).
add a comment |
Another counterexample:
For each $n in mathbb N$ define $f_n: [a,b] to mathbb R$ by
$$f_n(x)=begin{cases}frac1n&text{ if }x in mathbb Q \0&text{ otherwise.}end{cases}$$
Given $n in mathbb N$ and $x in [a,b]$ we may show that $f_n$ does not satisfy the definition of a continuous function by selecting $ varepsilon=frac{1}{n+1}$. So if $delta>0$, then there is $hat{x}$ such that $|hat x - x|<delta$ but $|,f_n(hat x) - f_n(x)|geq varepsilon$.
Call the limit function $f(x)=lim_{n to infty} f_n(x)$ a degenerate case of a Dirichlet function (kind of a bad joke).
add a comment |
Another counterexample:
For each $n in mathbb N$ define $f_n: [a,b] to mathbb R$ by
$$f_n(x)=begin{cases}frac1n&text{ if }x in mathbb Q \0&text{ otherwise.}end{cases}$$
Given $n in mathbb N$ and $x in [a,b]$ we may show that $f_n$ does not satisfy the definition of a continuous function by selecting $ varepsilon=frac{1}{n+1}$. So if $delta>0$, then there is $hat{x}$ such that $|hat x - x|<delta$ but $|,f_n(hat x) - f_n(x)|geq varepsilon$.
Call the limit function $f(x)=lim_{n to infty} f_n(x)$ a degenerate case of a Dirichlet function (kind of a bad joke).
Another counterexample:
For each $n in mathbb N$ define $f_n: [a,b] to mathbb R$ by
$$f_n(x)=begin{cases}frac1n&text{ if }x in mathbb Q \0&text{ otherwise.}end{cases}$$
Given $n in mathbb N$ and $x in [a,b]$ we may show that $f_n$ does not satisfy the definition of a continuous function by selecting $ varepsilon=frac{1}{n+1}$. So if $delta>0$, then there is $hat{x}$ such that $|hat x - x|<delta$ but $|,f_n(hat x) - f_n(x)|geq varepsilon$.
Call the limit function $f(x)=lim_{n to infty} f_n(x)$ a degenerate case of a Dirichlet function (kind of a bad joke).
edited Nov 29 '18 at 20:46
answered Nov 27 '18 at 21:29
Matt A Pelto
2,367620
2,367620
add a comment |
add a comment |
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