Is it true that $xgeq sum_{k=1}^infty k prod_{n=1}^k frac{x}{x+n}$ for $0<x<1$
$begingroup$
I would like to prove or disprove $xgeq sum_{k=1}^infty k prod_{n=1}^k frac{x}{x+n}$. From numerical examples it looks like the inequality holds. However, I have no idea how to prove it.
I have found a similar question
sum of an infinite series $sum_{k=1}^infty left( prod_{m=1}^kfrac{1}{1+mgamma}right) $, where the function looks very similar to mine, but not the same.
Looking forward to any hints. Thanks in advance!
sequences-and-series summation
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I would like to prove or disprove $xgeq sum_{k=1}^infty k prod_{n=1}^k frac{x}{x+n}$. From numerical examples it looks like the inequality holds. However, I have no idea how to prove it.
I have found a similar question
sum of an infinite series $sum_{k=1}^infty left( prod_{m=1}^kfrac{1}{1+mgamma}right) $, where the function looks very similar to mine, but not the same.
Looking forward to any hints. Thanks in advance!
sequences-and-series summation
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
It may help to know where this expression came from. Can you provide context?
$endgroup$
– RandomMathGuy
Dec 7 '18 at 3:39
add a comment |
$begingroup$
I would like to prove or disprove $xgeq sum_{k=1}^infty k prod_{n=1}^k frac{x}{x+n}$. From numerical examples it looks like the inequality holds. However, I have no idea how to prove it.
I have found a similar question
sum of an infinite series $sum_{k=1}^infty left( prod_{m=1}^kfrac{1}{1+mgamma}right) $, where the function looks very similar to mine, but not the same.
Looking forward to any hints. Thanks in advance!
sequences-and-series summation
$endgroup$
I would like to prove or disprove $xgeq sum_{k=1}^infty k prod_{n=1}^k frac{x}{x+n}$. From numerical examples it looks like the inequality holds. However, I have no idea how to prove it.
I have found a similar question
sum of an infinite series $sum_{k=1}^infty left( prod_{m=1}^kfrac{1}{1+mgamma}right) $, where the function looks very similar to mine, but not the same.
Looking forward to any hints. Thanks in advance!
sequences-and-series summation
sequences-and-series summation
asked Dec 7 '18 at 3:29
hdiuwhciuhdiuwhciu
629
629
$begingroup$
It may help to know where this expression came from. Can you provide context?
$endgroup$
– RandomMathGuy
Dec 7 '18 at 3:39
add a comment |
$begingroup$
It may help to know where this expression came from. Can you provide context?
$endgroup$
– RandomMathGuy
Dec 7 '18 at 3:39
$begingroup$
It may help to know where this expression came from. Can you provide context?
$endgroup$
– RandomMathGuy
Dec 7 '18 at 3:39
$begingroup$
It may help to know where this expression came from. Can you provide context?
$endgroup$
– RandomMathGuy
Dec 7 '18 at 3:39
add a comment |
2 Answers
2
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
As you noticed, the equality hold and it hold for any $x >0$.
$$prod_{n=1}^kfrac{x}{x+n}=frac{x^k}{(x+1)_k}$$ where appear Pochhammer symbols and
$$sum_{k=1}^infty k prod_{n=1}^k frac{x}{x+n}=sum_{k=1}^inftyfrac{k,x^k}{(x+1)_k}=frac{x^2,Gamma (x)}{Gamma (x+1)}=x$$
$endgroup$
1
$begingroup$
Just a little nitpick: any $x>0$. (+1) anyway.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:48
$begingroup$
Sorry for this stupid comment. How does the second last equality follow? Thanks! @JackD'Aurizio
$endgroup$
– hdiuwhciu
Dec 7 '18 at 3:50
$begingroup$
@JackD'Aurizio. Thanks for pointing it !
$endgroup$
– Claude Leibovici
Dec 7 '18 at 3:57
1
$begingroup$
I guess such identity is just part of the arsenal of Monsieur Leibovici, but for a proof from scratch, one might start by noticing that $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a meromorphic function with potential simple poles at $-1,-2,-3,-4,ldots$. By computing the residues (they're all zero) we get that those potential poles are regularity points, hence $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is an entire function fixed by its derivatives at the origin. This leads to $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:59
$begingroup$
Then $frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a positive function on any subset of $mathbb{R}^+$, hence $sum_{k=1}^{N}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}<x$ for any $x>0$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 4:00
add a comment |
$begingroup$
For a proof of $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$ avoiding Complex Analysis, one might invoke Euler's Beta function.
$$frac{1}{(x+1)_k}=frac{Gamma(x+1)}{Gamma(x+k+1)}=frac{1}{Gamma(k)}B(k,x+1)=frac{1}{(k-1)!}int_{0}^{1}u^{k-1}(1-u)^x,du.$$
Multiplying both sides by $kx^k$ and summing over $kgeq 1$ we get
$$ sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k} = int_{0}^{1}(1-u)^x sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k u^k}{(k-1)!}cdotfrac{du}{u}=xint_{0}^{1}(1-u)^x (1+ux)e^{ux},du$$
where the last integral does not really depend on $x$: it equals $1$ for any $x>0$, since the integrand function is $-frac{d}{du}left[(1-u)^{x+1}e^{ux}right]$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
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2 Answers
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2 Answers
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$begingroup$
As you noticed, the equality hold and it hold for any $x >0$.
$$prod_{n=1}^kfrac{x}{x+n}=frac{x^k}{(x+1)_k}$$ where appear Pochhammer symbols and
$$sum_{k=1}^infty k prod_{n=1}^k frac{x}{x+n}=sum_{k=1}^inftyfrac{k,x^k}{(x+1)_k}=frac{x^2,Gamma (x)}{Gamma (x+1)}=x$$
$endgroup$
1
$begingroup$
Just a little nitpick: any $x>0$. (+1) anyway.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:48
$begingroup$
Sorry for this stupid comment. How does the second last equality follow? Thanks! @JackD'Aurizio
$endgroup$
– hdiuwhciu
Dec 7 '18 at 3:50
$begingroup$
@JackD'Aurizio. Thanks for pointing it !
$endgroup$
– Claude Leibovici
Dec 7 '18 at 3:57
1
$begingroup$
I guess such identity is just part of the arsenal of Monsieur Leibovici, but for a proof from scratch, one might start by noticing that $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a meromorphic function with potential simple poles at $-1,-2,-3,-4,ldots$. By computing the residues (they're all zero) we get that those potential poles are regularity points, hence $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is an entire function fixed by its derivatives at the origin. This leads to $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:59
$begingroup$
Then $frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a positive function on any subset of $mathbb{R}^+$, hence $sum_{k=1}^{N}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}<x$ for any $x>0$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 4:00
add a comment |
$begingroup$
As you noticed, the equality hold and it hold for any $x >0$.
$$prod_{n=1}^kfrac{x}{x+n}=frac{x^k}{(x+1)_k}$$ where appear Pochhammer symbols and
$$sum_{k=1}^infty k prod_{n=1}^k frac{x}{x+n}=sum_{k=1}^inftyfrac{k,x^k}{(x+1)_k}=frac{x^2,Gamma (x)}{Gamma (x+1)}=x$$
$endgroup$
1
$begingroup$
Just a little nitpick: any $x>0$. (+1) anyway.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:48
$begingroup$
Sorry for this stupid comment. How does the second last equality follow? Thanks! @JackD'Aurizio
$endgroup$
– hdiuwhciu
Dec 7 '18 at 3:50
$begingroup$
@JackD'Aurizio. Thanks for pointing it !
$endgroup$
– Claude Leibovici
Dec 7 '18 at 3:57
1
$begingroup$
I guess such identity is just part of the arsenal of Monsieur Leibovici, but for a proof from scratch, one might start by noticing that $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a meromorphic function with potential simple poles at $-1,-2,-3,-4,ldots$. By computing the residues (they're all zero) we get that those potential poles are regularity points, hence $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is an entire function fixed by its derivatives at the origin. This leads to $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:59
$begingroup$
Then $frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a positive function on any subset of $mathbb{R}^+$, hence $sum_{k=1}^{N}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}<x$ for any $x>0$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 4:00
add a comment |
$begingroup$
As you noticed, the equality hold and it hold for any $x >0$.
$$prod_{n=1}^kfrac{x}{x+n}=frac{x^k}{(x+1)_k}$$ where appear Pochhammer symbols and
$$sum_{k=1}^infty k prod_{n=1}^k frac{x}{x+n}=sum_{k=1}^inftyfrac{k,x^k}{(x+1)_k}=frac{x^2,Gamma (x)}{Gamma (x+1)}=x$$
$endgroup$
As you noticed, the equality hold and it hold for any $x >0$.
$$prod_{n=1}^kfrac{x}{x+n}=frac{x^k}{(x+1)_k}$$ where appear Pochhammer symbols and
$$sum_{k=1}^infty k prod_{n=1}^k frac{x}{x+n}=sum_{k=1}^inftyfrac{k,x^k}{(x+1)_k}=frac{x^2,Gamma (x)}{Gamma (x+1)}=x$$
edited Dec 7 '18 at 3:57
answered Dec 7 '18 at 3:45
Claude LeiboviciClaude Leibovici
120k1157132
120k1157132
1
$begingroup$
Just a little nitpick: any $x>0$. (+1) anyway.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:48
$begingroup$
Sorry for this stupid comment. How does the second last equality follow? Thanks! @JackD'Aurizio
$endgroup$
– hdiuwhciu
Dec 7 '18 at 3:50
$begingroup$
@JackD'Aurizio. Thanks for pointing it !
$endgroup$
– Claude Leibovici
Dec 7 '18 at 3:57
1
$begingroup$
I guess such identity is just part of the arsenal of Monsieur Leibovici, but for a proof from scratch, one might start by noticing that $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a meromorphic function with potential simple poles at $-1,-2,-3,-4,ldots$. By computing the residues (they're all zero) we get that those potential poles are regularity points, hence $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is an entire function fixed by its derivatives at the origin. This leads to $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:59
$begingroup$
Then $frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a positive function on any subset of $mathbb{R}^+$, hence $sum_{k=1}^{N}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}<x$ for any $x>0$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 4:00
add a comment |
1
$begingroup$
Just a little nitpick: any $x>0$. (+1) anyway.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:48
$begingroup$
Sorry for this stupid comment. How does the second last equality follow? Thanks! @JackD'Aurizio
$endgroup$
– hdiuwhciu
Dec 7 '18 at 3:50
$begingroup$
@JackD'Aurizio. Thanks for pointing it !
$endgroup$
– Claude Leibovici
Dec 7 '18 at 3:57
1
$begingroup$
I guess such identity is just part of the arsenal of Monsieur Leibovici, but for a proof from scratch, one might start by noticing that $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a meromorphic function with potential simple poles at $-1,-2,-3,-4,ldots$. By computing the residues (they're all zero) we get that those potential poles are regularity points, hence $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is an entire function fixed by its derivatives at the origin. This leads to $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:59
$begingroup$
Then $frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a positive function on any subset of $mathbb{R}^+$, hence $sum_{k=1}^{N}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}<x$ for any $x>0$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 4:00
1
1
$begingroup$
Just a little nitpick: any $x>0$. (+1) anyway.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:48
$begingroup$
Just a little nitpick: any $x>0$. (+1) anyway.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:48
$begingroup$
Sorry for this stupid comment. How does the second last equality follow? Thanks! @JackD'Aurizio
$endgroup$
– hdiuwhciu
Dec 7 '18 at 3:50
$begingroup$
Sorry for this stupid comment. How does the second last equality follow? Thanks! @JackD'Aurizio
$endgroup$
– hdiuwhciu
Dec 7 '18 at 3:50
$begingroup$
@JackD'Aurizio. Thanks for pointing it !
$endgroup$
– Claude Leibovici
Dec 7 '18 at 3:57
$begingroup$
@JackD'Aurizio. Thanks for pointing it !
$endgroup$
– Claude Leibovici
Dec 7 '18 at 3:57
1
1
$begingroup$
I guess such identity is just part of the arsenal of Monsieur Leibovici, but for a proof from scratch, one might start by noticing that $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a meromorphic function with potential simple poles at $-1,-2,-3,-4,ldots$. By computing the residues (they're all zero) we get that those potential poles are regularity points, hence $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is an entire function fixed by its derivatives at the origin. This leads to $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:59
$begingroup$
I guess such identity is just part of the arsenal of Monsieur Leibovici, but for a proof from scratch, one might start by noticing that $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a meromorphic function with potential simple poles at $-1,-2,-3,-4,ldots$. By computing the residues (they're all zero) we get that those potential poles are regularity points, hence $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is an entire function fixed by its derivatives at the origin. This leads to $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 3:59
$begingroup$
Then $frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a positive function on any subset of $mathbb{R}^+$, hence $sum_{k=1}^{N}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}<x$ for any $x>0$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 4:00
$begingroup$
Then $frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}$ is a positive function on any subset of $mathbb{R}^+$, hence $sum_{k=1}^{N}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}<x$ for any $x>0$.
$endgroup$
– Jack D'Aurizio
Dec 7 '18 at 4:00
add a comment |
$begingroup$
For a proof of $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$ avoiding Complex Analysis, one might invoke Euler's Beta function.
$$frac{1}{(x+1)_k}=frac{Gamma(x+1)}{Gamma(x+k+1)}=frac{1}{Gamma(k)}B(k,x+1)=frac{1}{(k-1)!}int_{0}^{1}u^{k-1}(1-u)^x,du.$$
Multiplying both sides by $kx^k$ and summing over $kgeq 1$ we get
$$ sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k} = int_{0}^{1}(1-u)^x sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k u^k}{(k-1)!}cdotfrac{du}{u}=xint_{0}^{1}(1-u)^x (1+ux)e^{ux},du$$
where the last integral does not really depend on $x$: it equals $1$ for any $x>0$, since the integrand function is $-frac{d}{du}left[(1-u)^{x+1}e^{ux}right]$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
For a proof of $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$ avoiding Complex Analysis, one might invoke Euler's Beta function.
$$frac{1}{(x+1)_k}=frac{Gamma(x+1)}{Gamma(x+k+1)}=frac{1}{Gamma(k)}B(k,x+1)=frac{1}{(k-1)!}int_{0}^{1}u^{k-1}(1-u)^x,du.$$
Multiplying both sides by $kx^k$ and summing over $kgeq 1$ we get
$$ sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k} = int_{0}^{1}(1-u)^x sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k u^k}{(k-1)!}cdotfrac{du}{u}=xint_{0}^{1}(1-u)^x (1+ux)e^{ux},du$$
where the last integral does not really depend on $x$: it equals $1$ for any $x>0$, since the integrand function is $-frac{d}{du}left[(1-u)^{x+1}e^{ux}right]$.
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
For a proof of $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$ avoiding Complex Analysis, one might invoke Euler's Beta function.
$$frac{1}{(x+1)_k}=frac{Gamma(x+1)}{Gamma(x+k+1)}=frac{1}{Gamma(k)}B(k,x+1)=frac{1}{(k-1)!}int_{0}^{1}u^{k-1}(1-u)^x,du.$$
Multiplying both sides by $kx^k$ and summing over $kgeq 1$ we get
$$ sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k} = int_{0}^{1}(1-u)^x sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k u^k}{(k-1)!}cdotfrac{du}{u}=xint_{0}^{1}(1-u)^x (1+ux)e^{ux},du$$
where the last integral does not really depend on $x$: it equals $1$ for any $x>0$, since the integrand function is $-frac{d}{du}left[(1-u)^{x+1}e^{ux}right]$.
$endgroup$
For a proof of $sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k}=x$ avoiding Complex Analysis, one might invoke Euler's Beta function.
$$frac{1}{(x+1)_k}=frac{Gamma(x+1)}{Gamma(x+k+1)}=frac{1}{Gamma(k)}B(k,x+1)=frac{1}{(k-1)!}int_{0}^{1}u^{k-1}(1-u)^x,du.$$
Multiplying both sides by $kx^k$ and summing over $kgeq 1$ we get
$$ sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k}{(x+1)_k} = int_{0}^{1}(1-u)^x sum_{kgeq 1}frac{k x^k u^k}{(k-1)!}cdotfrac{du}{u}=xint_{0}^{1}(1-u)^x (1+ux)e^{ux},du$$
where the last integral does not really depend on $x$: it equals $1$ for any $x>0$, since the integrand function is $-frac{d}{du}left[(1-u)^{x+1}e^{ux}right]$.
edited Dec 7 '18 at 4:19
answered Dec 7 '18 at 4:10
Jack D'AurizioJack D'Aurizio
1
1
add a comment |
add a comment |
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$begingroup$
It may help to know where this expression came from. Can you provide context?
$endgroup$
– RandomMathGuy
Dec 7 '18 at 3:39